fig2

Figure 2. Mechanisms involved in HCC immune evasion. Upregulation of inhibitory programmed death-ligand 1 molecule from tumor cells, macrophages, and antigen-presenting cells, together with the release of interleukin-10 and transforming growth factor beta, lead to an exhausted phenotype of CD8+ cells and prevent tumor cells from immune damage. APCs: Antigen-presenting cells; TAMs: Tumor-associated macrophages; PDL1: Programmed death ligand 1; CTL4A: Cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen 4; PD1: Programmed cell death protein 1; TGFβ: Transforming growth factor beta; IL-10: Interleukin-10; IL-1β: Interleukin-1 beta.