REFERENCES

1. Akinyemiju T, Abera S, Ahmed M, et al. Global Burden of Disease Liver Cancer Collaboration. The burden of primary liver cancer and underlying etiologies from 1990 to 2015 at the global, regional, and national level: results from the global burden of disease study 2015. JAMA Oncol 2017;3:1683-91.

2. Perz JF, Armstrong GL, Farrington LA, Hutin YJ, Bell BP. The contributions of hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus infections to cirrhosis and primary liver cancer worldwide. J Hepatol 2006;45:529-38.

3. WHO. Global progress report on HIV, viral hepatitis and sexually transmitted infections, 2021. Available from: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240027077 [Last accessed on 12 Oct 2022].

4. Joshi D, O'grady J, Dieterich D, Gazzard B, Agarwal K. Increasing burden of liver disease in patients with HIV infection. The Lancet 2011;377:1198-209.

5. Puoti M, Bruno R, Soriano V, et al. HIV HCC Cooperative Italian-Spanish Group. Hepatocellular carcinoma in HIV-infected patients: epidemiological features, clinical presentation and outcome. AIDS 2004;18:2285-93.

6. Saud LRC, Chagas AL, Maccali C, et al. Hepatocellular carcinoma in patients coinfected with hepatitis B or C and HIV: more aggressive tumor behavior? Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2021;33:583-8.

7. El-Kassas M, Elbadry M. Hepatocellular carcinoma in Africa: challenges and opportunities. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022;9:899420.

8. Mbaga DS, Kenmoe S, Kengne-Ndé C, et al. Hepatitis B, C and D virus infections and risk of hepatocellular carcinoma in Africa: a meta-analysis including sensitivity analyses for studies comparable for confounders. PLoS One 2022;17:e0262903.

9. Tanon A, Jaquet A, Ekouevi DK, et al. IeDEA West Africa Collaboration. The spectrum of cancers in West Africa: associations with human immunodeficiency virus. PLoS One 2012;7:e48108.

10. Maponga TG, Glashoff RH, Vermeulen H, et al. Hepatitis B virus-associated hepatocellular carcinoma in South Africa in the era of HIV. BMC Gastroenterol 2020;20:226.

11. Singal AG, Pillai A, Tiro J. Early detection, curative treatment, and survival rates for hepatocellular carcinoma surveillance in patients with cirrhosis: a meta-analysis. PLoS Med 2014;11:e1001624.

12. Rodríguez de Lope C, Reig M, Matilla A, et al. ; en representación del Grupo de Estudio de Cáncer Hepático (GECH). Clinical characteristics of hepatocellular carcinoma in Spain. Comparison with the 2008-2009 period and analysis of the causes of diagnosis out of screening programs. Analysis of 686 cases in 73 centers. Med Clin (Barc) 2017;149:61-71.

13. Alter MJ. Epidemiology of viral hepatitis and HIV co-infection. J Hepatol 2006;44:S6-9.

14. Leumi S, Bigna JJ, Amougou MA, Ngouo A, Nyaga UF, Noubiap JJ. Global Burden of Hepatitis B Infection in People Living With Human Immunodeficiency Virus: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Clin Infect Dis 2020;71:2799-806.

15. Statista.. HIV prevalence country ranking 2018. Available from: https://www.statista.com/statistics/270209/countries-with-the-highest-global-hiv-prevalence/ [Last accessed on 12 Oct 2022].

16. World Health Organization. Global hepatitis report, 2017. Available from: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789241565455 [Last accessed on 7 Jun 2022].

17. Deressa T, Damtie D, Fonseca K, et al. The burden of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection, genotypes and drug resistance mutations in human immunodeficiency virus-positive patients in Northwest Ethiopia. PLoS One 2017;12:e0190149.

18. Ocama P, Seremba E, Apica B, Opio K. Hepatitis B and HIV co-infection is still treated using lamivudine-only antiretroviral therapy combination in Uganda. Afr Health Sci 2015;15:328-33.

19. Kilonzo SB, Gunda DW, Kashasha F, Mpondo BC. Liver fibrosis and hepatitis B coinfection among art naïve HIV-infected patients at a tertiary level hospital in northwestern Tanzania: a cross-sectional study. J Trop Med 2017;2017:5629130.

20. Yousif M, Mudawi H, Hussein W, et al. Genotyping and virological characteristics of hepatitis B virus in HIV-infected individuals in Sudan. Int J Infect Dis 2014;29:125-32.

21. Magoro T, Gachara G, Mavhandu L, et al. Serologic and genotypic characterization of hepatitis B virus in HIV-1 infected patients from South West and Littoral Regions of Cameroon. Virol J 2016;13:178.

22. Stabinski L, OʼConnor S, Barnhart M, Kahn RJ, Hamm TE. Prevalence of HIV and hepatitis B virus co-infection in sub-Saharan Africa and the potential impact and program feasibility of hepatitis B surface antigen screening in resource-limited settings. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2015;68 Suppl 3:S274-85.

23. Kenfack-Momo R, Kenmoe S, Takuissu GR, et al. Epidemiology of hepatitis B virus and/or hepatitis C virus infections among people living with human immunodeficiency virus in Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One 2022;17:e0269250.

24. Spearman CW, Afihene M, Ally R, et al. Hepatitis B in sub-Saharan Africa: strategies to achieve the 2030 elimination targets. The Lancet Gastroenterology & Hepatology 2017;2:900-9.

25. Weber R, Sabin CA, Friis-Møller N, et al. Liver-related deaths in persons infected with the human immunodeficiency virus: the D:A:D study. Arch Intern Med 2006;166:1632-41.

26. Yang JD, Hainaut P, Gores GJ, Amadou A, Plymoth A, Roberts LR. A global view of hepatocellular carcinoma: trends, risk, prevention and management. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2019;16:589-604.

27. Tuyama AC, Hong F, Saiman Y, et al. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 infects human hepatic stellate cells and promotes collagen I and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 expression: implications for the pathogenesis of HIV/hepatitis C virus-induced liver fibrosis. Hepatology 2010;52:612-22.

28. Debes JD, Bohjanen PR, Boonstra A. Mechanisms of accelerated liver fibrosis progression during HIV infection. J Clin Transl Hepatol 2016;4:328-35.

29. Thornton AC, Jose S, Bhagani S, et al. UK Collaborative HIV cohort (UK CHIC) steering committee. Hepatitis B, hepatitis C, and mortality among HIV-positive individuals. AIDS 2017;31:2525-32.

30. Thio CL, Seaberg EC, Skolasky R, et al. HIV-1, hepatitis B virus, and risk of liver-related mortality in the multicenter cohort study (MACS). The Lancet 2002;360:1921-6.

31. Colin JF, Cazals-Hatem D, Loriot MA, et al. Influence of human immunodeficiency virus infection on chronic hepatitis B in homosexual men. Hepatology 1999;29:1306-10.

32. Pinato DJ, Dalla Pria A, Sharma R, Bower M. Hepatocellular carcinoma: an evolving challenge in viral hepatitis and HIV coinfection. AIDS 2017;31:603-11.

33. Singh KP, Crane M, Audsley J, Avihingsanon A, Sasadeusz J, Lewin SR. HIV-hepatitis B virus coinfection: epidemiology, pathogenesis, and treatment. AIDS 2017;31:2035-52.

34. Kabarambi A, Balinda S, Abaasa A, Cogill D, Orrell C. Determinants and reasons for switching anti-retroviral regimen among HIV-infected youth in a large township of South Africa (2002-2019). AIDS Res Ther 2022;19:32.

35. Hernández-ramírez RU, Shiels MS, Dubrow R, Engels EA. Cancer risk in HIV-infected people in the USA from 1996 to 2012: a population-based, registry-linkage study. The Lancet HIV 2017;4:e495-504.

36. 1993 revised classification system for HIV infection and expanded surveillance case definition for AIDS among adolescents and adults. MMWR Recomm Rep 1992;41(RR-17):1-19.

37. Epeldegui M, Vendrame E, Martínez-Maza O. HIV-associated immune dysfunction and viral infection: role in the pathogenesis of AIDS-related lymphoma. Immunol Res 2010;48:72-83.

38. Martínez-Maza O, Breen EC. B-cell activation and lymphoma in patients with HIV. Curr Opin Oncol 2002;14:528-32.

39. Althoff KN, Stewart CN, Humes E, et al. The shifting age distribution of people with HIV using antiretroviral therapy in the United States. AIDS 2022;36:459-71.

40. Anugwom CM, Allaire M, Akbar SMF, et al. Hepatitis B-related hepatocellular carcinoma: surveillance strategy directed by immune-epidemiology. Hepatoma Res 2021;7:23.

41. Venkataramani M, Hutton N, Colombani P, Anders RA, Agwu AL. Hepatocellular carcinoma in a teenager with perinatally acquired HIV Infection without hepatitis B or C coinfection: a case report. AIDS Patient Care STDS 2010;24:693-6.

42. Giordano TP, Kramer JR, Souchek J, Richardson P, El-Serag HB. Cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma in HIV-infected veterans with and without the hepatitis C virus: a cohort study, 1992-2001. Arch Intern Med 2004;164:2349-54.

43. Jaquet A, Odutola M, Ekouevi DK, et al. IeDEA West Africa Collaboration. Cancer and HIV infection in referral hospitals from four West African countries. Cancer Epidemiol 2015;39:1060-5.

44. Kramer JR, Kowalkowski MA, Duan Z, Chiao EY. The effect of HIV viral control on the incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma in veterans with hepatitis C and HIV coinfection. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2015;68:456-62.

45. Ochoa-Callejero L, Pérez-Martínez L, Rubio-Mediavilla S, Oteo JA, Martínez A, Blanco JR. Maraviroc, a CCR5 antagonist, prevents development of hepatocellular carcinoma in a mouse model. PLoS One 2013;8:e53992.

46. García-Samaniego J. Hepatocellular carcinoma in HIV-infected patients with chronic hepatitis C. Am J Gastroenterol 2001;96:179-83.

47. Berretta M, Garlassi E, Cacopardo B, et al. Hepatocellular carcinoma in HIV-infected patients: check early, treat hard. Oncologist 2011;16:1258-69.

48. Ryom L, Lundgren JD, De Wit S, et al. D:A:D Study Group. Use of antiretroviral therapy and risk of end-stage liver disease and hepatocellular carcinoma in HIV-positive persons. AIDS 2016;30:1731-43.

49. Yang R, Gui X, Ke H, Xiong Y, Gao S. Combination antiretroviral therapy is associated with reduction in liver fibrosis scores in patients with HIV and HBV co-infection. AIDS Res Ther 2021;18:98.

50. Boyd A, Bottero J, Miailhes P, et al. Liver fibrosis regression and progression during controlled hepatitis B virus infection among HIV-HBV patients treated with tenofovir disoproxil fumarate in France: a prospective cohort study. J Int AIDS Soc 2017;20:21426.

51. Li KW, Kramvis A, Liang S, et al. Higher prevalence of cancer related mutations 1762T/1764A and PreS deletions in hepatitis B virus (HBV) isolated from HBV/HIV co-infected compared to HBV-mono-infected Chinese adults. Virus Res 2017;227:88-95.

52. Audsley J, Littlejohn M, Yuen L, et al. HBV mutations in untreated HIV-HBV co-infection using genomic length sequencing. Virology 2010;405:539-47.

53. Stella L, Santopaolo F, Gasbarrini A, Pompili M, Ponziani FR. Viral hepatitis and hepatocellular carcinoma: From molecular pathways to the role of clinical surveillance and antiviral treatment. World J Gastroenterol 2022;28:2251-81.

54. Chidambaranathan-reghupaty S, Fisher PB, Sarkar D. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC): epidemiology, etiology and molecular classification. Adv Cancer Res 2021;149:1-61.

55. Rossotti R, Merli M, Mazzarelli C, et al. Similar survival but higher and delayed hepatocellular carcinoma recurrence in HIV-positive compared to negative cirrhotics undergoing liver transplantation. Dig Liver Dis ;2022:S1590-8658(22)00500.

56. Cunha L, Carrilho C, Bhatt N, et al. Hepatocellular carcinoma: Clinical-pathological features and HIV infection in Mozambican patients. Cancer Treat Res Commun 2019;19:100129.

57. Okeke E, Mark Davwar P, Mullen B, et al. The impact of HIV on hepatocellular cancer survival in Nigeria. Trop Med Int Health 2021;26:335-42.

58. Tassachew Y, Abebe T, Belyhun Y, et al. Prevalence of HIV and Its Co-infection with hepatitis B/C virus among chronic liver disease patients in Ethiopia. Hepat Med 2022;14:67-77.

59. Jaquet A, Tchounga B, Tanon A, et al. Etiology of hepatocellular carcinoma in West Africa, a case-control study. Int J Cancer 2018;143:869-77.

60. Shiels MS, Engels EA. Evolving epidemiology of HIV-associated malignancies. Curr Opin HIV AIDS 2017;12:6-11.

61. Marrero JA, Kulik LM, Sirlin CB, et al. Diagnosis, staging, and management of hepatocellular carcinoma: 2018 practice guidance by the American association for the study of liver diseases. Hepatology 2018;68:723-50.

62. Méndez-Sánchez N, Ridruejo E, Alves de Mattos A, et al. Latin American association for the study of the liver (LAASL) clinical practice guidelines: management of hepatocellular carcinoma. Ann Hepatol 2014;13(Suppl 1):S4-40.

63. Corrigendum to EASL clinical practice guidelines: management of hepatocellular carcinoma. J Hepatol 2019;70:817.

64. Beauchamp E, Rollet K, Walmsley S, Wong DK, Cooper C, Klein MB. Canadian Co-infection Cohort Study (CTN222). Missed opportunities for hepatocellular carcinoma screening in an HIV/hepatitis C virus-coinfected cohort. Clin Infect Dis 2013;57:1339-42.

65. Lim C, Goutte N, Gervais A, et al. Standardized care management ensures similar survival rates in HIV-positive and HIV-negative patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2012;61:581-7.

66. Patel N, Post FA. Surveillance for hepatocellular carcinoma in people of African ancestry with HIV and Hepatitis B. Int J STD AIDS 2022;33:202-4.

67. Willemse S, Smit C, Sogni P, et al. Hepatocellular Carcinoma Screening Project Working Group for the Collaboration of Observational HIV on behalf of Epidemiological Research Europe (COHERE) In EuroCoord. Low compliance with hepatocellular carcinoma screening guidelines in hepatitis B/C virus co-infected HIV patients with cirrhosis. J Viral Hepat 2019;26:1224-8.

68. Hearn B, Chasan R, Bichoupan K, et al. Low adherence of HIV providers to practice guidelines for hepatocellular carcinoma screening in HIV/hepatitis B coinfection. Clin Infect Dis 2015;61:1742-8.

69. Yang JD, Mohamed EA, Aziz AOA, et al. Characteristics, management, and outcomes of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma in Africa: a multicountry observational study from the Africa Liver Cancer Consortium. The Lancet Gastroenterology & Hepatology 2017;2:103-11.

70. Kedar Mukthinuthalapati VVP, Sewram V, Ndlovu N, et al. Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Sub-Saharan Africa. JCO Glob Oncol 2021;7:756-66.

71. Kew MC. Hepatic iron overload and hepatocellular carcinoma. Liver Cancer 2014;3:31-40.

72. Okeke E, Davwar PM, Roberts L, et al. Epidemiology of liver cancer in Africa: current and future trends. Semin Liver Dis 2020;40:111-23.

73. Ocama P, Opio KC, Kagimu M, Seremba E, Wabinga H, Colebunders R. Hepatitis B virus and HIV infection among patients with primary hepatocellular carcinoma in Kampala, Uganda. Afr Health Sci 2011;11 Suppl 1:S20-3.

74. Gomaa A, Rewisha E, Saleh S, Waked I. Changing presenting features of hepatocellular carcinoma in Egyptian patients. 7th International Liver Cancer Association (ILCA) Annual Conference 2013, September 13-15; Washington, DC, USA: Abstract P-077.

75. Riebensahm C, Chitundu H, Muula G, et al. IeDEA-Southern Africa. Screening for hepatocellular carcinoma among adults with HIV/HBV co-infection in Zambia: a pilot study. Int J Infect Dis 2022;116:391-6.

76. Tzartzeva K, Obi J, Rich NE, et al. Surveillance imaging and alpha fetoprotein for early detection of hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with cirrhosis: a meta-analysis. Gastroenterology 2018;154:1706-1718.e1.

77. Stewart KA, Navarro SM, Kambala S, et al. Trends in ultrasound use in low and middle income countries: a systematic review. Int J MCH AIDS 2020;9:103-20.

78. Berhane S, Toyoda H, Tada T, et al. Role of the GALAD and BALAD-2 serologic models in diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma and prediction of survival in patients. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2016;14:875-886.e6.

79. Kisiel JB, Dukek BA, V S R Kanipakam R, et al. Hepatocellular carcinoma detection by plasma methylated dna: discovery, phase I pilot, and phase II clinical validation. Hepatology 2019;69:1180-92.

80. Chalasani NP, Ramasubramanian TS, Bhattacharya A, et al. A novel blood-based panel of methylated DNA and protein markers for detection of early-stage hepatocellular carcinoma. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2021;19:2597-2605.e4.

81. Qu C, Wang Y, Wang P, et al. Detection of early-stage hepatocellular carcinoma in asymptomatic HBsAg-seropositive individuals by liquid biopsy. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019;116:6308-12.

82. Pontisso P, Calabrese F, Benvegnù L, et al. Overexpression of squamous cell carcinoma antigen variants in hepatocellular carcinoma. Br J Cancer 2004;90:833-7.

83. Mokrane FZ, Lu L, Vavasseur A, et al. Radiomics machine-learning signature for diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma in cirrhotic patients with indeterminate liver nodules. Eur Radiol 2020;30:558-70.

84. Zhang W, Hu Z, Tian J, Fang C. A narrative review of near-infrared fluorescence imaging in hepatectomy for hepatocellular carcinoma. Ann Transl Med 2021;9:171.

85. Quadri NS, Shah SM, Rodin H, Debes JD. Promoting hepatitis b awareness: evaluating an educational approach through health care workers in Tanzania. Ann Glob Health 2021;87:22.

86. Quadri NS, Debes JD. The Waiting Room Project: An Approach to Community Health Education in Hepatitis B. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2020;103:537.

87. Yang JD, Gyedu A, Afihene MY, et al. Africa Network for Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases. Hepatocellular carcinoma occurs at an earlier age in Africans, particularly in association with chronic hepatitis B. Am J Gastroenterol 2015;110:1629-31.

88. Sultan A, Anugwom CM, Wondifraw Z, Braimoh GA, Bane A, Debes JD. Single center analysis of therapy and outcomes of hepatocellular carcinoma in Sub-Saharan Africa. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2020;14:1007-11.

Hepatoma Research
ISSN 2454-2520 (Online) 2394-5079 (Print)

Portico

All published articles are preserved here permanently:

https://www.portico.org/publishers/oae/

Portico

All published articles are preserved here permanently:

https://www.portico.org/publishers/oae/