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Figure 1. Tumor microenvironment. (A) Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (hematoxylin and eosin stain, magnification 200×): black arrow, cancer-associated fibroblasts; green arrow, neutrophils; red arrow, tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes; long black arrow, microvessel. (B) Cancer-associated fibroblasts in the desmoplastic stroma are immunoreactive for α-smooth muscle actin, a biomarker of myofibroblast differentiation (immunohistochemistry, 200×). (C) Microvessels are highlighted by CD34 immunostain. (D) Tumor-infiltrating CD4 positive lymphocytes are highlighted by CD4 immunostain. (E) Tumor-infiltrating CD8 positive lymphocytes are highlighted by CD8 immunostain. (F) Tumor-associated neutrophils are highlighted by myeloperoxidase immunostain. (B-F) Brown stain indicates positive (mmunohistochemistry, magnification 200×).