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Original Article  |  Open Access  |  8 Aug 2017

Laparoscopic liver resection with lymph node dissection for gallbladder tumors suspected to be T1b/T2 carcinoma

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Hepatoma Res 2017;3:170-7.
10.20517/2394-5079.2017.17 |  © 2017 OAE Publishing Inc.
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Abstract

Aim: The short-term perioperative results of laparoscopic treatment of gallbladder (GB) carcinoma were evaluated to determine whether this technique can be a feasible treatment option.

Methods: Ten patients with fundus/body GB tumors (GBTs) underwent laparoscopic liver resection (LLR) and lymph node dissection. Additionally, 124 patients underwent LLR for liver tumors. These 124 LLRs included 79 partial resections (PRs), 11 left lateral sectionectomies (LLSs), 25 anatomical resections (ARs), and 9 small ARs (SARs). The operation time (OT), intraoperative blood loss (BL), and postoperative length of hospital stay (LOS) were compared between the GBT and various LLR groups.

Results: The median (range) OT in the GBT, PR, LLS, AR, and SAR groups was 298 (186-488), 245 (84-700), 328 (150-682), 458 (224-848), and 352 (274-696) min, respectively. The BL was 109 (10-500), 50 (0/uncountable-3,270), 100 (10-516), 375 (25-3,569), and 705 (35-1,920) mL, respectively. The LOS was 16 (8-105), 15 (5-254), 13 (11-52), 22 (8-44), and 15 (8-44) days, respectively. The OT and BL were significantly different between the GBT and AR groups.

Conclusion: Laparoscopic surgery could be a good treatment option for GBTs suspected to be T1b/T2 GB carcinoma in the GB body/fundus without cystic duct invasion.

Keywords

Gallbladder carcinoma, laparoscopic surgery, laparoscopic liver resection, lymph node dissection

Introduction

Since the development of laparoscopic liver resection (LLR) in the early 1990s,[1-3] this technique has rapidly expanded from partial LLR of the easily accessible anterolateral segments [segment 2 (S2), S3, S4b, S5, and S6] to left lateral sectionectomy (LLS), hemihepatectomy, other sectionectomies, segmentectomies and resections of S7, S8, and S1, and more complicated limited or modified anatomical LLRs.[4] LLR has recently become widely accepted as a less invasive treatment for liver tumors with specific advantages such as less intraoperative bleeding and a shorter postoperative length of hospital stay (LOS).[5,6] Partial resection (PR) of the anterolateral segments is currently considered a standard procedure.[5]

Few reports have described intended laparoscopic treatments for gallbladder carcinoma (GBC);[7-9] however, many studies of occult GBC revealed high incidences of port site recurrence and peritoneal dissemination after laparoscopic cholecystectomy.[10,11] The treatment of T1b/T2 GBC,[12] which is not in the early stage of intramucosal layer but without serosal invasion, involves a combination of liver resection, lymph node (LN) dissection, and bile duct resection and reconstruction in cases of invasion.[13,14] Laparoscopic procedures have been less commonly adapted to GBC treatment mainly because of concerns regarding the aggressive features of the malignancy and the technically demanding surgical procedure.[7-9] However, the liver resection technique performed for treatment of T1b/T2 GBC involves resection of either the GB bed or S4b+5+6a, both of which require resection of the anterolateral segments. LN dissection has also been applied to other more popular procedures.[15] Because bile duct resection and reconstruction is not necessary during surgical treatment of T1b/T2 GBC of the body/fundus without cystic duct invasion, the operation is a simple combination of anterolateral LLR and limited LN dissection. Furthermore, tumor dissemination and port site recurrence are thought to occur mainly due to bile leakage from intraoperative GB perforation.[9,11] Theoretically, combined resection of the GB bed liver could prevent these events.[10,11,16,17] Therefore, we have employed a laparoscopic procedure for treatment of GB tumors (GBTs) suspected to be T1b/T2 GBC located in the GB body/fundus without cystic duct invasion.

In this study, to determine whether laparoscopic treatment of T1b/T2 GBC is a feasible treatment option, we compared the short-term results of patients who underwent this procedure and those of patients who underwent various types of LLR.

Methods

Among 28 patients who underwent GB resection for suspected GBC from November 2011 to June 2015, 10 patients with GBTs suspected to be T1b/T2 GBC in the GB fundus/body underwent LLR and LN dissection. The other patients underwent laparoscopic full-thickness cholecystectomy for suspected T1a GBC or open surgery for suspected ≥ T3 GBC or possible bile duct resection based on preoperative assessment.

Three patients with T2 GBC underwent LLR of S4b+5+6a with regional LN dissection, and the other seven patients underwent LLR of the GB bed liver with peri-cystic duct LN and peri-bile duct LN dissection. The patients’ data are shown in Table 1.

Table 1

Characteristics of the 10 patients who underwent laparoscopic surgery for suspected T1b/T2 GBC

GenderAge (years)Child-PughT-stage (clinical)T-stage (pathologic)OpeResection marginOT (min)BL (mL)LOS (days)Comp
Female57AT1bBenignGB bedR02485010
Male63AT1bBenignGB bedR029625015
Female72AT1bT1bGB bedR0340150105Bile leakage
Female38AT1bT1bGB bedR01861011
Male82AT1bT1bGB bedR02015017
Female39AT1bT1bGB bedR0307508
Female63AT1bT1bGB bedR01977510
Male65AT2T2S4b+5+6aR030050017
Male69AT2T2S4b+5+6aR044220034
Male72AT2T2S4b+5+6aR048814324

In total, 124 patients underwent LLR for liver tumors (80 hepatocellular carcinomas, 35 metastatic tumors, and 9 others). These 124 LLR procedures included 79 PRs, 11 LLSs, 25 anatomical resections (ARs) (resection of one or more segments, excluding LLS), and 9 small ARs (SARs) (resection of less than a full segment and sometimes combined resection of those).

The conversion, morbidity, and mortality rates were compared between the GBT and various LLR groups. The perioperative short-term results [operation time (OT), intraoperative blood loss (BL), and postoperative LOS] of the 10 patients with GBTs were compared with those of the patients who underwent various types of LLR (PR, LLS, AR, and SAR).

Patients were fully involved in the treatment decision-making process. Informed consent was obtained from each patient for both treatment and use of data in the study. The data obtained through the medical record review were managed according to the privacy policy and ethics code of our institute. The surgeries were performed with the permission of our hospital review board.

Statistical analysis

Results are expressed as median (range) and mean ± standard deviation unless otherwise noted. Differences in each parameter between the GBT and other groups were evaluated using the Mann-Whitney U test. All analyses were performed using SPSS, version 22.0 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA). A P value of < 0.05 (two-tailed) was considered statistically significant.

Operative procedure for GBTs of the fundus/body suspected to be T1b/T2 GBC

The patients underwent general anesthesia and were placed in the reverse trendelenburg position. The operating table was tilted to the left or right as necessary to acquire an adequate operative field of view.

The first trocar port was introduced with a mini-laparotomy on the umbilicus, and 8- to 12-mmHg carbon dioxide pneumoperitoneum was established through this port. This port was also mainly used for the laparoscope. Three other 12-mm ports and one 8-mm port were placed in the upper middle to right abdomen and used to introduce the surgeons’ forceps, energy devices (SonoSurg, BiClamp bipolar forceps, and irrigation monopolar electric cautery with soft-mode coagulation), clips, and Cavitron ultrasonic surgical aspirator (CUSA) as well as the assistant’s forceps. The Pringle maneuver was not applied.

S4b+5+6a LLR

For S4b+5+6a LLR, the operation was started with liver parenchymal transection on the right edge of the umbilical Glissonian pedicle [Figure 1] after confirming the locations of the GBT and major vessels by intraoperative laparoscopic ultrasonography. If needed, adhesions from a previous surgery were dissected before the ultrasonographic examination and transection. The liver parenchymal transection started with the use of the SonoSurg on the shallow surface of the liver. The BiClamp bipolar forceps, used in a clamp-and-crush manner, and the CUSA were used for deep parenchymal transection far from and near the major vessels, respectively. Small vessels were exposed and sealed with energy devices, clipped or ligated, and finally divided. Hemostasis of bleeding from the transection surface was accomplished by irrigation monopolar electric cautery with soft-mode coagulation or suturing by hand. During the transection on the umbilical line, two or three Glissonian pedicles to S4b (G4b) were dissected, encircled, ligated, and divided [Figure 2]. The ischemic demarcation line appeared on the liver surface after division of G4b [Figure 3], showing the left part of the transection line of the resected liver (S4b of S4b+5+6a). According to this line, liver transection was performed from left to right, exposing the hilar plate at the bottom.

Laparoscopic liver resection with lymph node dissection for gallbladder tumors suspected to be T1b/T2 carcinoma

Figure 1. Operative procedure for gallbladder tumor of the fundus/body suspected to be T1b/T2 gallbladder carcinoma-1 (liver parenchymal transection on right edge of the umbilical plate). For S4b+S5+S6a LLR, the operation was started from the liver parenchymal transection on the right edge of the umbilical plate

Laparoscopic liver resection with lymph node dissection for gallbladder tumors suspected to be T1b/T2 carcinoma

Figure 2. Operative procedure for gallbladder tumor of the fundus/body suspected to be T1b/T2 gallbladder carcinoma-2 (Glissonian pedicles to S4b). During the transection, the Glissonian pedicles to S4b were dissected, encircled, ligated, and divided

Laparoscopic liver resection with lymph node dissection for gallbladder tumors suspected to be T1b/T2 carcinoma

Figure 3. Operative procedure for gallbladder tumor of the fundus/body suspected to be T1b/T2 gallbladder carcinoma-3 (ischemic demarcation line of S4b). The ischemic demarcation line (arrowheads) was observed on the liver surface after division of the Glissonian pedicles to S4b. According to this line, liver transection was performed from left to right, exposing the hilar plate

The peripheral part of the middle hepatic vein was revealed and divided on the transection plane between S4b and S5 [Figure 4]. When the bottom of the transection line reached the right edge of the hilar plate, the LNs around the bile duct were dissected and the root of the cystic duct was exposed and divided [Figure 5]. Intraoperative frozen section pathology of the stump of the cystic duct confirmed the absence of tumor invasion. The cystic plate including the cystic duct, artery, and LNs was attached to the resected liver. Dissection was then performed from the hepatic duct to right Glissonian pedicle.

Laparoscopic liver resection with lymph node dissection for gallbladder tumors suspected to be T1b/T2 carcinoma

Figure 4. Operative procedure for gallbladder tumor of the fundus/body suspected to be T1b/T2 gallbladder carcinoma-4 (middle hepatic vein). The peripheral part of the middle hepatic vein was divided on the transection plane

Laparoscopic liver resection with lymph node dissection for gallbladder tumors suspected to be T1b/T2 carcinoma

Figure 5. Operative procedure for gallbladder tumor of the fundus/body suspected to be T1b/T2 gallbladder carcinoma-5 (cystic plate). When the transection line reached the right side of the hilar plate, the lymph nodes around the bile duct were dissected and the root of the cystic duct (arrowhead) was exposed and divided. The cystic plate including the cystic duct and artery was attached to the resected liver, and dissection from the hepatic duct to the right Glissonian pedicle was performed

During dissection of the right Glissonian pedicle, G5a, G6a, and G5b were exposed and divided [Figure 6]. Liver parenchyma transection was performed according to the ischemic demarcation line on the liver surface that appeared after division of these Glissonian pedicles and exposure of the right part of the transection line of the resected liver (S5+6a of S4b+5+6a) [Figure 7]. The resected liver was extracted in a plastic bag through the umbilical port. Abdominal drainage catheters were routinely placed in the operative area.

Laparoscopic liver resection with lymph node dissection for gallbladder tumors suspected to be T1b/T2 carcinoma

Figure 6. Operative procedure for gallbladder tumor of the fundus/body suspected to be T1b/T2 gallbladder carcinoma-6 [Glissonian pedicles, (A) S5a, (B) S6a, and (C) S5b]. During dissection of the right Glissonian pedicles, S5a, S6a, and S5b were exposed and divided

Laparoscopic liver resection with lymph node dissection for gallbladder tumors suspected to be T1b/T2 carcinoma

Figure 7. Operative procedure for gallbladder tumor of the fundus/body suspected to be T1b/T2 gallbladder carcinoma-7 (demarcation line after division of Glissonian pedicles, S5a, S6a, and S5b). According to the ischemic demarcation line that appeared after division of the Glissonian pedicles, S5a, S6a, and S5b, liver parenchymal transection was performed. The resected liver was extracted in a plastic bag through the umbilical port

GB bed LLR

For GB bed LLR, the operation started with liver parenchymal transection from the left anterior side (in S4) with a 1-cm surgical margin from the GB after confirming the locations of the GB bottom in the liver bed, GBT, and major vessels by intraoperative laparoscopic ultrasonography. If needed, adhesions from a previous surgery were dissected before the ultrasonographic examination and transection. The liver parenchymal transection started with use of the SonoSurg on the shallow surface of the liver. The BiClamp bipolar forceps, used in a clamp-and-crush manner, and the CUSA were employed for deep parenchymal transection far from and near the major vessels, respectively. Small vessels were exposed and sealed with energy devices, clipped or ligated, and finally divided. Hemostasis of bleeding from the transection surface was accomplished by irrigation monopolar electric cautery with soft-mode coagulation or suturing by hand. During the transection, small peripheral branches of G4b, middle hepatic vein, G5, and G6a were dissected, ligated, and divided. The liver transection was performed from left to right and ventral to dorsal, reaching the right corner of the hilar plate.

When the transection line reached the right corner of the hilar plate, the LNs around the bile duct were dissected and the root of the cystic duct was exposed and divided. Intraoperative frozen section pathology of the stump of the cystic duct confirmed the absence of tumor invasion. The cystic plate including the cystic duct, artery, and LNs was attached to the resected liver and removed en bloc. The resected liver was extracted in a plastic bag through the umbilical port. Abdominal drainage catheters were routinely placed in the operative area.

Regional LN dissection

Additional regional LN dissection was performed after the liver resection when the tumor was confirmed to be T2 GBC. The common bile duct, proper and right hepatic arteries, and portal vein were dissected and taped [Figure 8]. The surrounding tissue including the LNs was resected with the tissues of the common hepatic artery, splenic vein, and posterosuperior surface of the pancreas after performing the Kocher maneuver.

Laparoscopic liver resection with lymph node dissection for gallbladder tumors suspected to be T1b/T2 carcinoma

Figure 8. Operative procedure for gallbladder tumor of the fundus/body suspected to be T1b/T2 gallbladder carcinoma (GBC)-8 [lymph node (LN) dissection]. Regional LN dissection was performed after liver resection when the tumor was pathologically confirmed to be T2 GBC (taped vessels from left to right are the common bile duct, portal vein, right hepatic artery, and proper hepatic artery)

Results

Conversion, morbidity, and mortality in each group

Pathological R0 resection was achieved in all 10 patients with GBTs. One patient (10%) developed a Clavien-Dindo grade 3 complication (bile leakage) and had a long postoperative LOS (105 days), although no conversions to open procedures or mortality occurred in this group.

Among the 79 patients who underwent PR, 2 (2.5%) underwent conversions to open procedures and 4 (5.0%) developed grade 3 postoperative complications (postoperative ascites, bile leakage, cholecystitis, and ileus). No mortality occurred.

No conversions or mortality occurred in the LLS, AR, or SAR groups. Two (18.2%) of 11 patients in the LLS group developed grade 3 postoperative complications (pancreatic juice leakage after pancreaticoduodenectomy in one patient, and postoperative intra-abdominal infectious hematoma after gastrectomy in another patient with protein S deficiency). Two (8.0%) of 25 patients in the AR group developed grade 3 postoperative complications (ascites and pleural effusion). Two (22.2%) of 9 patients in the SAR group developed grade 3 postoperative complications (postoperative liver failure for a patient who underwent surgery immediately after the treatment of ruptured esophageal varices, and anastomotic failure of concomitant high anterior rectal resection in the other patient).

No statistically significant differences in the conversion, mortality, or morbidity rates were found among the groups.

OT in each group

The median OT among all 10 patients with GBTs was 298 min (range 186-488 min), and the mean ± standard deviation was 301 ± 102 min.

The OT among the 79 patients in the PR group, 11 in the LLS group, 25 in the AR group, and 9 in the SAR group was 245 (84-700) and 292 ± 140 min, 328 (150-682) and 343 ± 152 min, 458 (224-848) and 504 ± 161 min, and 352 (274-696) and 415 ± 159 min, respectively.

In the comparison of the OT between patients with GBTs and patients in the other laparoscopic surgery groups (PR, LLS, AR, and SAR) a significant difference was found between the GBT and AR groups [Table 2].

Table 2

Perioperative short-term outcomes of different types of laparoscopic liver resections

OT (min)BL (mL)LOS (days)
GBT (n = 10)298 (186-488)109 (10-500)16 (8-105)
PR (n = 79)245 (84-700)NS50 (NC -3,270)NS15 (5-254)NS
LLS (n = 11)328 (150-682)NS100 (10-516)NS13 (11-52)NS
AR (n = 25)458(224-848)P < 0.001375 (25-3,569)P < 0.0522 (8-44)NS
SAR (n = 9)352 (274-696)NS705 (35-1,920)NS15 (8-44)NS

Intraoperative BL in each group

The BL in patients with GBTs was 109 (10-500) and 148 ± 145 mL. The BL in patients who underwent PR, LLS, AR, and SAR was 50 (0/uncountable-3,270) and 278 ± 556 mL, 100 (10-516) and 166 ± 182 mL, 375 (25-3,569) and 758 ± 911 mL, and 705 (35-1,920) and 821 ± 794 mL, respectively.

In the comparison of BL between patients with GBTs and patients in the other laparoscopic surgery groups (PR, LLS, AR, and SAR), a significant difference was found between the GBT and AR groups [Table 2].

Postoperative LOS in each group

The LOS in patients with GBTs was 16 (8-105) and 25 ± 29 days. The LOS in the PR, LLS, AR, and SAR groups was 15 (5-254) and 20 ± 30 days, 13 (11-52) and 19 ± 64 days, 22 (8-44) and 24 ± 12 days, and 15 (8-44) and 21 ± 15 days, respectively.

No significant differences were found in the LOS between patients with GBTs and patients in the other laparoscopic surgery groups (PR, LLS, AR, and SAR) [Table 2].

Short-term results of LLR of S4b+5+6a (with regional LN dissection) and LLR of GB bed (with peri-cystic LN and peri-bile duct LN dissection)

Of the 10 patients with GBTs, 3 patients with T2 GBC who underwent LLR of S4b+5+6a with regional LN dissection had an OT of 300, 442, and 488 min; BL of 500, 200, and 143 mL; and LOS of 17, 34, and 24 days, respectively. The third patient underwent the surgery, 2 weeks after the first cholecystectomy of severe cholecystitis, for the T2 GBC revealed in the postoperative pathological examination [Table 1].

The other seven patients who underwent LLR of the GB bed with peri-cystic LN and peri-bile duct LN dissections had an OT of 248 (186-340) and 254 ± 61 min, BL of 50 (10-250) and 91 ± 82 mL, and LOS of 11 (8-105) and 25 ± 35 days [Table 1].

Discussion

Although no differences in LOS were observed, the BL and OT were significantly lower in the GBT than AR group. Additionally, no differences were observed in the conversion, morbidity, or mortality rate between laparoscopic GBT surgery and conventional LLR of any type. When compared with other types of conventional LLR, the short-term results (OT, BL, and LOS) of all 10 patients with GBTs were comparable with those in the LLS group. Three patients with T2 GBC who underwent LLR of S4b+5+6a with regional LN dissection had perioperative short-term results comparable with those of patients who underwent AR, although the number of patients was small. The perioperative short-term results of the other 7 patients who underwent LLR of the GB bed with peri-cystic duct LN and peri-bile duct LN dissections were comparable even with those of patients who underwent PR. LLR of the GB bed or S4b+5+6a with LN dissection was feasible for treatment of GBTs of the body/fundus suspected to be T1b/T2 GBC without cystic duct invasion. Itano et al.[8] reported that laparoscopic surgery for T2 GBC had a comparable OT (368 vs. 352 min), significantly smaller BL volume (152 vs. 777 mL), shorter LOS (9.1 vs. 21.6 days), and similar morbidity rate (1/15 vs. 3/11 patients) compared with open surgery. Our results are similar to those from their laparoscopic surgeries. LLR has the advantages of a smaller BL volume and shorter LOS in some conditions, such as minor resections of the anterolateral segments.[5] LLR of S4b+5+6a or GB bed with limited LN dissection and no bile duct resection for treatment of GBC is thought to have similar advantages, although such a procedure also has potential disadvantages (risk of tumor cell dissemination and port site recurrence).[11]

Liver resection for treatment of T1b/T2 GBC involves PR of the anterolateral segments, where laparoscopic approaches are easily applied,[4,5] and the techniques for LN dissection have also been applied in other established procedures.[15,18] Although dissection of the posterosuperior pancreatic and peri-splenic vein LNs is difficult, this dissection can reportedly be easier with the Kocher maneuver.[8,9] However, bile duct resection and reconstruction is still a demanding technique with limited reports.[9,16,19,20] It is often required for bile duct invasion by the tumor in patients with T3 GBC or GBC in the neck. Therefore, in the present series, only patients with GBTs suspected to be T1b/T2 GBC in the body/fundus were selected for laparoscopic surgeries with intraoperative pathological examination for confirmation of negative cystic duct tumor invasion. No cases of mismatch of the intraoperative and postoperative pathological results of cystic duct tumor invasion were encountered. Furthermore, an accurate preoperative diagnosis of the tumor depth (T stages 1a, 1b, 2, and 3[12]) is needed for application of this technique. Itano et al.[8] reported that precise preoperative endoscopic ultrasonography led to no underestimation of the preoperative diagnosis regarding tumor invasion into the muscular or subserosal layer in their patients with T1/T2 cancer. We also attempted to avoid underestimation, which leads to the need for a second operation and/or carcinoma recurrence, rather than overestimation in our series. We observed no cases of underestimation; however, 2 patients had benign (overestimated) lesions, including 1 xanthogranuloma. Overestimation and overapplication of this procedure for benign or Tis/T1a GBC is also a potential problem. However, the drawbacks of laparoscopic cholecystectomy for Tis/T1a GBC include the risk of GB wall perforation and bile leakage contaminated with tumor cells, which may lead to port site recurrence and peritoneal dissemination.[21] These risks could be overcome by combined GB bed resection. Given the fact that this procedure was performed with short-term outcomes comparable with those of laparoscopic LLS or PR, overestimation and overapplication of this procedure might be justified. However, LLR of S4b+5+6a with regional LN dissection, which we applied to the patients with T2 GBC, is a more complicated and demanding procedure and was associated with a longer OT and larger BL volume comparable with AR. The application of this procedure is currently limited to patients with proven T2 GBC in our institute.

Itano et al.[8] reported that the disease-free and overall survival rates of patients with T2 GBC tended to be superior, although not significantly so, among patients who underwent laparoscopic than open surgery. However, they also mentioned that this observation may have been due to selection bias because their study was a semi-historical control study (the period for the laparoscopic group was from December 2007 to December 2013, and that for the control open group was from June 2003 to May 2011), and patients with more advanced disease might have been selected for the open surgery group before the advent of precise endoscopic ultrasonography examination. They still concluded that the laparoscopic approach for suspected T2 GBC was at least comparable with open surgery in terms of both the surgical and oncological outcomes.

The sample size of the present study was too small to perform a definitive statistical analysis of the short-term outcomes, and concerns regarding tumor dissemination and port site recurrence are still valid when performing laparoscopic procedures with restricted manipulation and instruments. Further studies of laparoscopic surgery for GBC are needed. Nevertheless, this technique could be a good treatment option for GBTs suspected to be T1b/T2 GBC in the GB body/fundus without invasion of the cystic duct.

Declarations

Authors’ contributions

Performed the treatments and wrote this manuscript: M. Isetani

Planned and performed the treatments: Z. Morise

Supervised planning and writing this manuscript: Z. Morise, A. Horiguchi

Acknowledgments

We thank Angela Morben, DVM, ELS, from Edanz Group (www.edanzediting.com/ac) for editing a draft of this manuscript.

Financial support and sponsorship

None.

Conflicts of interest

There are no conflicts of interest.

Patient consent

Patients were fully involved in the treatment decision-making process. Informed consent was obtained from each patient for both treatment and use of data in the study.

Ethics approval

The data obtained through the medical record review were managed according to the privacy policy and ethics code of our institute. The surgeries were performed with the permission of our hospital review board.

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Isetani M, Morise Z, Horiguchi A. Laparoscopic liver resection with lymph node dissection for gallbladder tumors suspected to be T1b/T2 carcinoma. Hepatoma Res 2017;3:170-7. http://dx.doi.org/10.20517/2394-5079.2017.17

AMA Style

Isetani M, Morise Z, Horiguchi A. Laparoscopic liver resection with lymph node dissection for gallbladder tumors suspected to be T1b/T2 carcinoma. Hepatoma Research. 2017; 3: 170-7. http://dx.doi.org/10.20517/2394-5079.2017.17

Chicago/Turabian Style

Isetani, Masashi, Zenichi Morise, Akihiko Horiguchi. 2017. "Laparoscopic liver resection with lymph node dissection for gallbladder tumors suspected to be T1b/T2 carcinoma" Hepatoma Research. 3: 170-7. http://dx.doi.org/10.20517/2394-5079.2017.17

ACS Style

Isetani, M.; Morise Z.; Horiguchi A. Laparoscopic liver resection with lymph node dissection for gallbladder tumors suspected to be T1b/T2 carcinoma. Hepatoma. Res. 2017, 3, 170-7. http://dx.doi.org/10.20517/2394-5079.2017.17

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Hepatoma Research
ISSN 2454-2520 (Online) 2394-5079 (Print)

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